| Solar panel | Solar array act as instruments that convert sunlight into using PV cells. They serve as an green and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar energy collector is a apparatus that collects sunlight to convert heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, decreasing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sun rays to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating systems, indoor heating, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and sustainable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a picturesque seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the UK known for its wealthy cultural traditions, notable attractions, and lively urban areas like the capital. It boasts a varied terrain of undulating terrain, ancient castles, and busy metropolitan areas that mix heritage with modern innovation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the natural light emitted by the star, crucial for life on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electrical power is a type of energy resulting from the motion of ions, primarily electrons. It fuels innumerable systems and infrastructures, enabling contemporary living and tech innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Photovoltaic technology converts solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the one-way flow of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, electrical sources, and photovoltaic cells. It provides a consistent voltage or current, making it essential for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a instrument that holds chemical energy and converts it into current to operate various digital equipment. It consists of multiple electrochemical cells, each containing electrode pairs interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight immediately into power using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an green energy solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes renewable energy production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a unit that converts direct current (DC) created by solar panels into alternating current (AC) appropriate for domestic use and utility connection. It is essential for optimizing energy use and providing safe, dependable electricity delivery from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips polarity cyclically, usually used in domestic and business power supplies. It allows for optimal transmission of electricity over extended spans and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that regulates the voltage level and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and harm. It ensures optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a device used to ascertain the size, quantity, or intensity of something accurately. It includes instruments like scales, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that automatically adjusts its orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement across the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Photovoltaic installations are huge facilities that harness sunlight to produce electricity using numerous solar panels. They supply a green and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on carbon-based fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves placing photovoltaic cells on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps minimize reliance on non-renewable fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-tied solar power system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar panels that collect sunlight and convert it into electricity. This electricity is then beamed to our planet for use as a clean, renewable power source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess energy generated from renewable sources or the grid for future use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations typically utilize batteries to deliver backup power, lower energy costs, and aid grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of photovoltaic cells documents the development and improvements in solar energy technology from the beginning finding of the solar effect to modern high-performance solar arrays. It highlights key innovations, including the creation of the initial silicon solar cell in 1954 and continuous advances that have substantially boosted power transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French-born physicist by profession famous for his innovative work in the study of the photoelectric effect and glow. His experiments laid the basis for comprehending how illumination interacts with particular media to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrician and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of Se in 1873. His work laid the foundation for the development of the photoconductive cell and advancements in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, allowing testers to mimic user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and web browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a British physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optics, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of light reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was an United States inventor who invented the first working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work established the groundwork for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-burning power plant generates electricity by burning coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductors. His work laid the foundation for modern solar energy technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a famous innovative entity historically associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in telecommunications, computing, and materials research. It has been the source of numerous groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and 14, famous for its essential role in the manufacturing of electronic components and solar panels. It is a hard, fragile crystalline solid with a blue-grey sheen, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little component installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) locally. This approach improves system performance, allows for improved performance monitoring, and increases power output in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a device that transforms sunlight straight into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is frequently used in solar panels to supply a sustainable and renewable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that offers renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a elementary particle representing a unit of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying energy and momentum without containing rest mass. It serves a key role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The PV effect is the process by which certain materials turn sunlight straight into electricity through the creation of charge carriers. This event is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, enabling the capturing of solar sunlight for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electronics is a fine slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the substrate for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar panels and electronic components due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials just several micrometers in thickness to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and fixed equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as occupants, fixtures, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in structural design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components end-to-end, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the identical voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current distribution, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the rate at which electric power is conveyed by an electrical network, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Produced through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, atomic energy, and sustainable sources, and crucial for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a measure of energy conversion in the SI system, representing the speed of energy transfer or conversion. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electric pressure difference between two points, which drives the flow of electric current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and represents the work per unit charge ready to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the standard unit of electric potential, potential difference, and electromotive force in the SI system. It measures the potential energy per charge unit between points in an electrical circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor wire, typically measured in amps. It is essential for powering electronic gadgets and allowing the working of electronic circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the standard of electrical flow in the SI units, symbolized as A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a conductor over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by devices and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and size of power systems to ensure safe and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical casing used to protect wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and reliable connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a reliable and dependable manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a convenient and uniform method of delivering electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is often used for powering and supplying a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a unit that changes direct current (DC) from supplies like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It enables the operation of common electrical appliances in settings where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as a collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar tracking systems automatically adjust the angle of solar panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the daytime, optimizing energy absorption. This system improves the efficiency of solar power gathering by ensuring best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to enhance the energy production of solar energy systems by continuously adjusting the operating point to align with the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This process guarantees the highest efficiency energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a tool that tracks and analyzes the effectiveness of photovoltaic panel systems in live, providing useful data on energy generation and system status. It assists enhance solar power output by identifying issues promptly and guaranteeing highest performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are flexible, versatile photovoltaic devices made by depositing slim layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the solar energy conversion process, making them a renewable energy source. They are commonly used in solar panels to power homes, electronic gadgets, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of many minute silicon crystals, typically used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its manufacturing process involves melting and restructuring silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline form suitable for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a premium type of silicon with a continuous crystal framework, making it highly efficient for use in solar cells and electronic components. Its uniform structure allows for better electron transfer, resulting in superior functionality compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics are a kind of thin film solar method that offers a economical and effective alternative for massive solar energy generation. They are recognized for their excellent absorption efficiency and comparatively low manufacturing expenses versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar cells that use a composite compound of Cu, indium, Ga, and Se to convert sunlight into energy efficiently. They are noted for their high light capturing efficiency, bendability, and potential for lightweight, cost-effective solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a non-ordered molecular configuration, making it more adaptable and easier to deposit than crystalline silicon. It is commonly used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its affordability and flexible properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing advanced materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, lowering costs, and expanding applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar cells are cutting-edge photovoltaic devices that use several p-n connections stacked together to absorb a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, greatly enhancing their efficiency. They are primarily employed in space applications and high-performance solar power installations due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar arrays are vital components that convert sunlight into electrical energy to supply onboard systems. Usually lightweight, robust, and crafted to function effectively in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and performance in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This approach is suitable for large-scale solar power plants in areas with sunny sunlight, providing a cost-effective approach for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and bendable form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in BIPV and mobile energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for superior performance and adaptability. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with great output in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological fields. These films are vital in electronic systems, optical systems, and coatings for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of compound covering tiny nanometric scales to several micrometers in dimension, often coated on surfaces for functional purposes. These coatings are used in multiple sectors, including electronic devices, light manipulation, and medicine, to alter surface properties or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to describe very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are essential in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for gauging structures and particles at the nanoscale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision gauges used to accurately measure small distances or thicknesses, typically in mechanical engineering and manufacturing. They feature a adjusted screw mechanism that allows for accurate readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a slender, ring-shaped segment of silicon crystal used as the base for constructing semiconductor devices. It acts as the primary material in the fabrication of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are compact photovoltaic devices recognized for their excellent performance and flexibility, perfect for diverse applications. They use a layered layered semiconductor setup that turns sunlight immediately into electrical energy with outstanding efficiency in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a type of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is known for being cost-effective and having a relatively high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into power using photovoltaic cells, supplying a renewable energy source for household, business, and large-scale applications. They offer a eco-friendly, long-lasting, and economical way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that turns sunlight into electricity using a photosensitive dye to capture light and create electron flow. It offers a budget-friendly and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum confinement effects. This technology offers the potential for lower-cost, bendable, and superior solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that employ carbon-based molecules, to turn solar radiation into electrical power. They are lightweight, bendable, and offer the potential for lower-cost, large-area solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising photovoltaic compound used in layer solar cells due to its abundant and harmless elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an appealing option for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roof surfaces, facades, and fenestration. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining design elegance and structural performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to pass through a material with minimal distortion, allowing objects behind to be seen clearly. Translucency permits light to scatter through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window film installation involves the process of applying a thin film to the inside or outside of automobiles or edifices glazing to cut down on glare, heat, and UV rays. It enhances privacy, improves energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A list of photovoltaic power stations information various massive solar energy plants around the globe, highlighting their capacities and locations. These facilities play a important role in green energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are large-scale installations that turn sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They are essential in sustainable power creation, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of issues such as contamination, climate change, and tree clearing that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collaborative action to promote green approaches and protect natural ecosystems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Green energy comes from environmentally friendly sources that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, breezes, and water. It offers a eco-friendly option to fossil fuels, decreasing environmental impact and promoting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Non-renewable energy sources, such as lignite, crude oil, and methane, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are depleted when used. They are the primary power sources for electrical energy and vehicle operation but pose ecological and environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electrical power. This process generally happens in power plants where turbines and generators work together to produce electric current for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are compact, toxic elements such as lead, mercury, Cd, and arsenide that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how efficiently a photovoltaic device transforms sunlight into convertible electricity. Enhancing this efficiency is crucial for optimizing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This occurrence provided significant indication for the development of quantum theory by showing that light energy is discrete. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves placing products to higher-than-normal stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The increase of solar energy systems has quickened rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological advancements and decreasing costs. This expansion is transforming the international energy scene by increasing the percentage of renewable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power installations intended to generate electricity on a commercial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a transparent instrument that refracts light to focus or separate rays, creating images. It is frequently used in instruments like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the angle between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, influencing reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a coating applied to optical surfaces to minimize reflections and improve light transmission. It enhances the clarity and luminosity of screens by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that their wave heights negate each other, leading to a diminution or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This event generally happens when the waveforms are phase-shifted by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC refers to an electric current that alternates direction, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes sinusoidally throughout its cycle, allowing efficient transmission across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A individual inverter is a tiny component used to transform DC from a individual solar module into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use. It enhances system performance by maximizing power output at the panel level and streamlines setup and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or alternating current power, is electricity delivered through a network where the potential difference and electric current regularly reverse polarity, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is commonly used in residences and industries to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a category of electrical connector used to provide direct current (DC) power from a energy source to an device. It typically consists of a cylindrical plug and socket that guarantee a secure and dependable connection for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | UL is a international protection validation organization that evaluates and certifies products to ensure they comply with specific security requirements. It helps consumers and businesses find trustworthy and secure products through rigorous evaluation and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series circuits are electronic networks in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current. In this configuration, the constant electric current passes through all elements, and the total voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, providing multiple paths for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate independently, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a electronic device that permits current to flow in a single way exclusively, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12 volt, intended to supply electrical energy for multiple devices and add-ons inside of a automobile. It enables users to recharge electronic devices or operate small devices during on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for linking peripherals to computers, allowing information exchange and electric power. It accommodates a variety of hardware such as keyboards, pointer devices, external drives, and smartphones, with different generations delivering increased speeds and improved performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into generated energy. Improving this efficiency is crucial for increasing energy production and making solar power more cost-effective and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy federal research facility dedicated to R&D in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It is committed to advancing innovations in solar power, wind, biomass energy, and additional renewable sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, spanning from radio signals to gamma rays, all possessing varied wavelengths and energies. This range is essential for numerous technological applications and natural phenomena, allowing communication, diagnostic imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily emitted by the solar radiation. It plays a important role in processes like vitamin D synthesis but can also cause skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color palette based on alterations of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This composition approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, usually measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to measure the intensity of power or power received or emitted over a defined area, often in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It helps in comprehending the spread and conveyance of power across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various hues or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is frequently used to depict the distribution of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a large mass of air's with fairly consistent thermal and humidity features, deriving from from certain starting regions. These air masses affect weather patterns and sky situations as they pass through diverse zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the assessment of the energy per square meter received from the solar source in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar activity and Earth's weather systems, impacting global climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Dirt buildup in solar power refers to the accumulation of dust, and foreign matter on the panels of solar panels, which diminishes their efficiency. Consistent upkeep and care are important to reduce energy waste and ensure maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage represents the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when no current is flowing, taken across its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the highest electrical current that passes through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, happens, skipping the normal load. It poses a considerable safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the highest power capacity of a solar module under perfect sunlight conditions. It shows the module's peak potential to create electricity in standard testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to determine the voltage between separate points in a electrical system. It is widely employed in different electrical and electronic fields to verify proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in PV modules where elevated voltage stress causes a significant reduction in power output and efficiency. It occurs due to current leakage and ion transfer within the solar cell materials, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi-metal chemical element crucial for plant development and employed in different industrial applications, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It exhibits unique chemical traits that cause it beneficial in producing long-lasting, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports solar panels, ensuring optimal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a stable and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using extensive groups of photovoltaic solar panels to produce renewable electricity. It supplies an environmentally friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated method of using land for both solar power production and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This approach boosts crop production while at the same time producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial photovoltaic cells are solar panels able to absorb sunlight using both surfaces, enhancing overall energy generation. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A sun-powered canopy is a framework that provides shelter while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with practical design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar array is a group of multiple photovoltaic modules arranged to generate electricity from sunlight. It is often used in renewable energy systems to produce clean, renewable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio cover is a framework that delivers shade and shelter from the weather for exterior areas. It improves the practicality and aesthetic appeal of a patio, making it a comfortable area for leisure and gatherings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The angle measured from directly overhead is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of celestial entities in the sky relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference direction, usually true north, to the line between an surveyor to a point of interest. It is frequently used in navigation, mapping, and astronomy to indicate the orientation of an object relative to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as height falls and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to severe weather and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a electronic substance commonly employed in thin-film solar panels due to its excellent performance and cost-effectiveness. It exhibits outstanding optical properties, making it a preferred choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies highlights the major manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in driving solar energy adoption and advancement across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a measure of energy output equal to a billion watt, used to measure massive power generation generation and consumption. It is typically associated with electricity stations, electricity networks, and large-scale power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a global leader in photovoltaic (PV) power solutions, specializing in producing thin film-based solar modules that provide high-performance and affordable power generation. The organization is focused on green renewable energy advancement and decreasing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through innovative solar solar innovations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in seamlessly connecting various elements of factory and automated systems to enhance productivity and reliability. It concentrates on developing advanced solutions that promote seamless communication and cooperation among diverse technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a leading China's firm focused on the manufacturing and development of photovoltaic solar items and systems. Famous for its advanced technology and eco-friendly energy programs within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to 1,000,000,000 W, often employed to describe the ability of large-scale power production or usage. It underscores the huge power magnitude involved in modern energy infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost decreases as cumulative output rises, due to gaining knowledge and optimization obtained over time. This concept highlights the significance of learned skills in cutting expenses and improving productivity in production and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics transform sunlight immediately into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This method is a environmentally friendly, green energy source that assists cut down reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of producing solar or wind energy is the same as or less than the price of purchasing power from the power grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that renewable energy technologies are economically competitive with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the main electrical power supplied to residences and companies through a grid of power lines, delivering a reliable source of energy for different appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) refers to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for guaranteeing the optimum and consistent operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the solar radiation using PV panels to produce electricity or through solar thermal systems to produce heat. It is a renewable, eco-friendly, and environmentally friendly power supply that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in residential, corporate, and industrial settings to create renewable, eco-friendly electricity from sunlight. They also power remote and off-grid locations, offering green energy solutions where standard power grids are not accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of sun-powered goods features a variety of devices that utilize sunlight to convert energy, promoting green and sustainable living. These items include covering solar energy units and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, providing multi-purpose solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a plant that generates sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that aids in decreasing reliance on non-renewable energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV use optical lenses plus mirrors focusing solar radiation on advanced solar cells, significantly boosting energy capture from a compact footprint. This technology is highly suitable in areas with bright, direct sunlight plus, it offers a viable solution to reducing expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
