| Solar panel | Solar panel act as instruments that change sunlight into electricity using PV cells. They serve as an eco-friendly and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a apparatus that captures sunlight to produce heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Sun-powered thermal energy harnesses sunlight to generate thermal energy, which can be used for water heating, indoor heating, or electricity production. It is a sustainable and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers GHG emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its rich cultural heritage, iconic landmarks, and vibrant urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse terrain of undulating terrain, historic forts, and busy metropolitan areas that blend tradition with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the environmental radiance emitted by the star, vital for life on Earth as it offers power for photosynthesis and affects climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a kind of energy generated by the flow of electrically charged entities, primarily electrons. It powers numerous appliances and networks, supporting contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a renewable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a opposite electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions determine the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction stream of electric charge, generally produced by batteries, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a steady voltage or current, making it essential for electronic devices and low-voltage applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a unit that accumulates chemical energy and changes it into current to run various digital equipment. It includes multiple galvanic cells, each comprising electrode pairs separated by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts sunlight immediately into power using photovoltaic panels made of solar cells. It is an green energy solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports renewable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a unit that transforms DC produced by solar panels into AC appropriate for household use and grid integration. It is vital for optimizing energy use and ensuring safe, consistent energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that changes polarity cyclically, usually used in home and commercial power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over long distances and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that controls the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from excess charging and harm. It ensures efficient energy transfer and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a instrument used to ascertain the dimension, quantity, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like meters, thermometers, and barometers that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a device that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement during the day, enhancing energy absorption. This technology improves the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining optimal sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are large-scale installations that capture sunlight to create electricity using numerous solar panels. They provide a renewable and sustainable energy source, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Rooftop solar power involves placing photovoltaic solar panels on building rooftops to produce electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | A grid-connected solar power system transforms sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a sustainable energy solution. It boosts energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an spacecraft equipped with solar arrays that absorb sunlight and generate power. This electricity is then beamed to the planet's surface for application as an eco-friendly power supply. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Residential energy storage solutions retain excess electricity generated from renewable energy or the grid for later use, enhancing energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These systems commonly employ batteries to deliver backup power, lower energy costs, and support grid reliability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar panels tracks the development and advancements in solar energy tech from the beginning invention of the solar effect to current high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It showcases major milestones, including the development of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous advances that have greatly boosted power transformation and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a French-born scientist renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His research laid the groundwork for comprehending how illumination interacts with particular substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photoconductive cell and progress in early photographic and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, allowing testers to simulate user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for automated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization effect of luminescence reflected from transparent materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States inventor who created the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His pioneering work set the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-burning power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce steam that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and improving the understanding of semiconductors. His work formed the basis of modern photovoltaic technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous research and development organization long-standing associated with AT&T, known for groundbreaking innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, well known for its key role in the manufacturing of electronic devices and solar panels. It is a tough, brittle solid solid with a bluish-gray shine, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the tech industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A micro-inverter is a little component installed on each solar module to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This technology enhances system efficiency, enables better system tracking, and increases energy yield in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A photovoltaic cell is a unit that turns sunlight immediately into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is commonly used in solar arrays to supply a renewable and eco-friendly energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | An photon acts as a fundamental particle representing a packet of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without possessing rest mass. It has a important role in the relations between matter and electromagnetic fields, facilitating phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon by which particular compounds turn sunlight straight into electricity through the production of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental foundation behind solar panel systems, enabling the utilization of solar sunlight for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a thin slice of semiconductor material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where microprocessors are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, orderly crystal lattice enables effective electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Flexible solar cells are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a more affordable price. They use strata of semiconductor substances a few micrometers thick to convert sunlight into electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as occupants, furniture, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in engineering design to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components end-to-end, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits connect components across the identical voltage source, permitting several paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification represents the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit, primarily for running devices and appliances. Created through multiple sources such as coal, oil, and natural gas, nuclear power, and green energy, and crucial for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A measure of power is a unit of power in the International System of Units, representing the rate of energy movement or transformation. It is equal to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which pushes the movement of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the work per single charge available to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the standard unit of electrical potential, potential difference, and electromotive force in the International System of Units. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between two points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the passage of electrical charge through a conductor wire, commonly measured in amperes. It is necessary for powering electronic equipment and enabling the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere represents the unit of electric flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It measures the flow of electric charge through a wire over a period of time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load is the term for the level of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the layout and size of power systems to maintain secure and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A junction box is an electrical enclosure used to securely contain wire connections, providing a core for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 connector is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to attach solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a easy and standardized method of supplying electrical energy to devices through universal ports. It is often used for charging and supplying a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) from inputs like batteries or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It allows the application of standard electrical devices in environments where only DC energy is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack is a collection of numerous individual batteries created to store and supply electrical energy for different devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically regulate the position of photovoltaic panels to monitor the sun’s path throughout the daytime, optimizing power intake. This technology boosts the efficiency of solar power gathering by maintaining best panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to maximize the power generation of solar energy systems by regularly modifying the working point to match the maximum power point of the solar cells. This procedure ensures the highest efficiency energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer is a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by individually tailored enhancing the performance of each solar panel. It increases overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a device that observes and evaluates the effectiveness of solar panel systems in live, delivering important data on energy generation and system status. It helps enhance solar energy generation by spotting issues promptly and ensuring highest output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are flexible, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are frequently used in solar panels to power homes, appliances, and complete solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of numerous small silicon crystal structures, frequently used in photovoltaic panels and chip fabrication. Its creation involves liquefying and reforming silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline structure fit for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a uniform lattice framework, making it highly efficient for use in solar cells and electronic components. Its uniform formation allows for enhanced charge movement, resulting in superior efficiency compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics represent a category of film solar technology that provides a economical and effective alternative for extensive solar energy harvesting. They are known as their great absorption performance and comparatively affordable manufacturing expenses compared to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are thin-film solar devices that employ a composite material of copper, In, Ga, and Se to turn sunlight into power efficiently. They are noted for their high absorption performance, flexibility, and potential for lightweight, economical solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous form of silicon is a amorphous atomic arrangement, making it more adaptable and easier to deposit than ordered silicon. It is commonly used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its affordability and versatile properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Next-generation photovoltaic modules aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and new techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, lowering costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are cutting-edge photovoltaic modules that use various p-n junctions layered together to absorb a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, greatly boosting their efficiency. These are primarily applied in space satellites and advanced solar power installations due to their outstanding energy transformation capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that generate sunlight into electrical energy to power onboard systems. Generally lightweight, robust, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of two or more elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in high-speed electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer superior performance in applications such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor known for its excellent electron mobility and effectiveness in high-frequency and optoelectronic applications. It is often used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use optics or reflectors to direct sunlight onto very efficient multi-layer solar cells, greatly enhancing energy conversion efficiency. This technology is perfect for massive solar power plants in areas with clear sunlight, offering a affordable solution for intensive energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and flexible form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a thin film of CIGS compound as the photovoltaic material, known for superior performance and flexibility. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to conventional silicon PV modules with excellent performance in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a delicate layer of material, often measured in nm or μm, used in multiple technological applications. These films are crucial in electronics, optics, and films for their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a sheet of substance spanning tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in thickness, often coated on surfaces for purposeful functions. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronics industry, optics, and healthcare, to change surface traits or engineer certain device functions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nano units are units of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to illustrate very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in disciplines including nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are precision devices used to exactly measure minute thicknesses or thicknesses, typically in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw device that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon slice is a narrow, disk-shaped piece of silicon crystal used as the base for manufacturing semiconductor devices. It acts as the basic material in the manufacture of microchips and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar modules recognized for their excellent performance and bendability, perfect for multiple fields. They utilize a multilayer semiconductor architecture that turns sunlight immediately into power with excellent effectiveness in low-light conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon is a form of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a grainy appearance. It is noted for being economical and having a moderately high efficiency in converting sunlight into electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into power using PV cells, offering a green energy source for household, business, and utility-scale applications. They deliver a clean, sustainable, and affordable way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decrease carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compound as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that turns sunlight into electrical energy using a light-sensitive dye to take in light and create electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and adaptable alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with opportunity for clear and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light absorption and energy conversion through quantum confinement effects. This approach offers the possibility for cost-effective, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are photoelectric devices that utilize organic materials, to convert sunlight into electrical power. They are lightweight, pliable, and provide lower-cost, extensive solar energy applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a potential electronic material used in laminate solar modules due to its plentiful and harmless elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an attractive alternative for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate solar energy technology into the design of architectural elements, such as rooftops, facades, and windows. This cutting-edge approach enhances energy performance while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, making detailed visibility obscured but yet still permitting shapes and light to penetrate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves applying a thin film to the inside or outside of vehicle or building windows to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It improves privacy, improves energy efficiency, and adds a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of PV power stations information various massive solar energy facilities around the globe, highlighting their power and sites. These plants serve a vital role in green energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon releases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are extensive facilities that convert sunlight straight into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They are essential in sustainable power creation, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Eco concerns encompass a wide range of problems such as waste, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote green approaches and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are renewably sourced, such as solar radiation, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, minimizing environmental harm and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as lignite, petroleum, and natural gas, are finite resources formed over geological eras and are exhausted when used. They are the main energy sources for electrical energy and mobility but pose ecological and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy types such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and renewable resources into electricity. This process typically occurs in power stations where turbines and generators work together to produce electric current for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as lead, Hg, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency measures how efficiently a solar cell transforms sunlight into usable electrical energy. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is key for increasing renewable energy output and reducing reliance on coal and oil. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that light energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Enhanced life testing involves placing products to higher-than-normal stresses to rapidly assess their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of solar panels has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological progress and decreasing costs. This development is changing the international energy scene by raising the portion of renewable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar pertains to large solar power facilities designed to generate electricity on a business scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover vast areas and utilize PV modules or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A lens is a transparent device that bends light to focus or diverge rays, producing images. It is frequently used in devices like camera units, glasses, and microscopes to manipulate light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The angle of incidence is the measure between an incoming light ray and the perpendicular line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to lens surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It improves the sharpness and brightness of screens by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when two waves meet in such a way that their amplitude levels cancel each other out, resulting in a diminution or complete elimination of the resultant wave. This event generally happens when the waves are out of phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to a type of electrical flow that changes polarity, typically used in power supply systems. Its voltage varies sinusoidally over time, enabling effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a compact device used to change direct current (DC) from a single solar panel into alternating current (AC) suitable for home applications. It improves system performance by optimizing energy production at the module level and streamlines setup and maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC electrical energy, or alternating current power, is electricity delivered through a setup where the voltage level and current regularly reverse direction, enabling optimized transmission over long distances. It is generally used in residences and factories to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a category of electrical plug used to deliver direct current (DC) power from a energy source to an device. It usually consists of a round plug and jack that ensure a firm and consistent connection for various electronic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international safety approval body that assesses and certifies products to ensure they adhere to particular security standards. It supports consumers and businesses identify trustworthy and secure products through thorough review and analysis processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical networks in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this configuration, the identical electric current passes through all elements, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where elements are connected across the same voltage source, giving multiple paths for current flow. This arrangement allows units to operate separately, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | A diode serves as a semiconductor device that permits current to flow in a single direction only, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, intended to supply electrical power for multiple devices and accessories inside a vehicle. It enables users to recharge electronic electronics or operate small appliances when on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for connecting peripheral hardware to computing systems, allowing information exchange and power delivery. It accommodates a variety of devices such as keypads, mice, external drives, and mobile phones, with multiple revisions providing faster speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell converts into usable energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential to increasing energy production and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE national laboratory dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It focuses on breakthroughs in solar, wind, biomass energy, and other sustainable energy sources to enable a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves, ranging from wireless signals to high-energy photons, each with diverse lengths and energies. This band is fundamental to a wide array of devices and natural events, allowing signal transmission, medical imaging, and comprehension of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of electromagnetic radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily emitted by the solar radiation. It plays a important role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin harm and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with longer wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color scheme based on alterations of a single hue, using diverse shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This composition approach emphasizes clarity and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area incident on a surface, typically measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | watts per square meter is a measurement unit used to calculate the intensity of energy or power received or emitted over a particular area, commonly in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with comprehending the distribution and transfer of power across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the span of various colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is often used to describe the dispersion of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big mass of atmosphere with relatively even temperature and dampness features, deriving from from particular starting zones. These air masses affect climate trends and air conditions as they travel over different regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the measure of the intensity per square kilometer received from the Sun in the form of solar rays. It changes with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in solar power refers to the collection of debris, and impurities on the surface of solar arrays, which reduces their output. Consistent upkeep and servicing are important to reduce energy decrease and ensure maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage obtainable from a power source when no current is flowing, spanning its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current is the highest electrical current that travels through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, going around the normal load. It presents a major safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a assessment of the highest power generation of a solar module under optimal sunlight conditions. It indicates the module's peak capacity to produce electricity in typical testing environments . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electronic device used to determine the potential difference between two points in a circuit. It is frequently utilized in various electrical and electronic applications to verify proper voltage levels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in photovoltaic modules where increased voltage stress causes a significant reduction in energy production and performance. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion transfer within the photovoltaic materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi metallic element crucial for plant development and applied in multiple industrial applications, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It has unique chemical traits that make it beneficial in creating durable, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring perfect tilt and orientation for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand weather conditions while providing a stable and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant captures sunlight using large collections of photovoltaic panels to generate renewable electricity. It offers an green energy source, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of employing land for both solar energy output and farming, maximizing space and resources. This method boosts crop production while concurrently creating renewable energy, encouraging sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar panels are photovoltaic devices capable of capturing sunlight using both surfaces, boosting overall energy production. They are commonly positioned in a way that allows for increased efficiency by utilizing albedo mirroring and reflected rays from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a structure that provides shelter while creating electricity through built-in solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to merge environmental benefits with functional design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a assembly of multiple photovoltaic modules designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in renewable energy systems to generate clean, sustainable power for multiple applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a structure that offers shade and protection from the conditions for al fresco areas. It enhances the usability and aesthetic appeal of a patio, making it a cozy area for rest and entertainment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is applied in astronomy and meteorology to represent the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an onlooker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line linking an viewer to a destination. It is often used in wayfinding, surveying, and astrophysics to specify the orientation of an target in relation to the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electricity shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant Occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin-film solar cells due to its superior efficiency and cost efficiency. It demonstrates outstanding optical characteristics, making it a preferred choice for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An directory of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers focused on solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies play a crucial role in driving solar energy implementation and innovation across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of energy output equal to one billion watt, used to quantify large-scale power generation output and utilization. It is generally associated with power plants, national grids, and large-scale energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV energy solutions, focused on manufacturing thin-film solar modules that deliver high-performance and economical power output. The firm is dedicated to sustainable energy development and cutting down the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology specializes in effortlessly linking various parts of manufacturing and automation systems to enhance efficiency and dependability. It concentrates on creating advanced solutions that facilitate seamless communication and interoperability among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic stands as a top Chinese company specializing in manufacturing and innovating solar-powered solar goods and services. It is known for its advanced technology and green energy projects in the renewables industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of energy equal to one billion watts, often used to represent the potential of large-scale power generation or usage. It highlights the huge power scale involved in current power framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the cost per unit of production drops as cumulative output increases, due to gaining knowledge and optimization obtained over time. This concept highlights the importance of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and boosting output in production and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics convert sunlight straight into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This method is a pure, renewable energy source that aids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of generating solar or wind energy becomes equivalent to or less than the cost of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that sustainable energy sources are economically competitive with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity is the standard electrical power supplied to residences and businesses through a grid of power lines, providing a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, according to the nation, and is transmitted through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all elements of a solar power system except the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is crucial for guaranteeing the efficient and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is captured from the sun's rays using solar cells to generate electricity or through thermal solar systems to provide warmth. It is a renewable, sustainable, and planet-friendly source of power that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, business, and manufacturing settings to produce clean, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also supply remote and off-grid locations, delivering renewable energy solutions where standard power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A catalog of solar-powered items features a selection of gadgets that harness sunlight to produce energy, promoting green and eco-conscious living. These products include covering solar energy units and lights to appliances and outdoor equipment, offering multi-purpose solutions for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar energy facility is a facility that converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with other energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by allocating renewable resources and backup options, decreasing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | CPV employ optical lenses or mirrors focusing sunlight onto advanced photovoltaic cells, significantly boosting power output using a smaller area. This technology is particularly effective where bright, direct sunlight and provides a promising approach to cut expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
