| Solar panel | Solar array act as components that convert sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. These are an green and sustainable energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar collector is a device that collects sunlight to produce heat, usually used for water heating or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, cutting down on reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate heat, which can be used for water heating, indoor heating, or electricity production. It is a green and sustainable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in the county of West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of beaches with soft sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced nation in the UK known for its rich cultural heritage, notable attractions, and bustling cities like the capital. It boasts a mixed landscape of rolling hills, historic forts, and busy metropolitan areas that blend heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Solar light is the organic illumination emitted by the star, vital for existence on Earth as it offers fuel for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also contributes to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and boosting vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electricity is a kind of energy due to the flow of electrically charged entities, primarily electrons. It powers countless systems and systems, supporting contemporary living and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into power using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable power source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are tiny particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, important for in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction stream of electric charge, usually produced by batteries, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a constant voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A cell is a device that accumulates chemical energy and converts it into electric power to run various electronic gadgets. It consists of several electrochemical cells, each containing anode and cathode interposed by an electrolytic substance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A photovoltaic system converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an eco-friendly energy solution that reduces reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a unit that transforms DC created by solar panels into AC appropriate for home use and grid integration. It is vital for maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing reliable, consistent energy output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that changes polarity periodically, generally used in home and industrial power supplies. It permits optimal transmission of electricity over long distances and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, typically sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that controls the voltage and electric current coming from a solar panel to avoid batteries from overcharging and harm. It provides optimal energy flow and prolongs the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measuring instrument is a tool used to determine the size, quantity, or level of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, thermometers, and barometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that instantaneously its orientation of solar panels to track the sun's movement across the day, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation improves the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are huge installations that harness sunlight to generate electricity using numerous solar panels. They provide a sustainable and eco-friendly energy power, cutting down reliance on non-renewable energy sources and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves setting up photovoltaic solar panels on building roofs to create electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps minimize reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a renewable energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and decreases reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from human activities like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar satellite is an artificial satellite equipped with solar panels that collect sunlight and transform into electrical energy. This power is then sent wirelessly to the planet's surface for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess energy generated from renewable sources or the power grid for future use, enhancing energy independence and effectiveness. These systems typically utilize batteries to provide backup energy, lower energy costs, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells chronicles the progress and advancements in solar power technology from the early discovery of the photovoltaic effect to modern high-performance photovoltaic modules. It features significant milestones, including the creation of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent innovations that have substantially enhanced energy transformation and cost efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Edmond Becquerel was a Gallic physicist renowned for his innovative work in the study of the solar effect and glow. His research laid the groundwork for understanding how illumination interacts with certain substances to produce electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for discovering the photoconductivity of selenium in 1873. His research formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and progress in initial photography and electronic technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | The Selenium framework is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports multiple programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of luminescence and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic waves and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was a an American inventor who invented the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work laid the groundwork for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | An coal-burning power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that drives turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an United States scientist credited with finding the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work paved the way for modern photovoltaic technology and the creation of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a famous R&D entity historically associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in communications, computer science, and materials science. It has been the birthplace of many groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, famous for its key role in the fabrication of electronic components and solar panels. It is a solid, brittle crystal material with a blue-grey sheen, predominantly employed as a semi-conductor in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A compact inverter is a compact device installed on each solar panel to convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) on-site. This approach improves system efficiency, enables better performance oversight, and improves energy yield in solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a component that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity through the solar energy process. It is frequently used in solar panels to offer a green and sustainable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system converts over sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that offers eco-friendly power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a elementary particle that represents a packet of light and other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum and energy without containing rest mass. It serves a important role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena such as reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The photovoltaic effect is the mechanism by which specific substances convert sunlight directly into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This effect is the fundamental concept behind solar panel systems, facilitating the utilization of solar energy for power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a thin slice of semiconductor material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for creating integrated circuits. It functions as the primary platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and coating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used mainly in the manufacturing of solar cells and electronic systems due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its organized, systematic crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a lower cost. They use layers of semiconductor materials only a few micrometers thick to effectively turn sunlight into electrical energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the mass of construction parts and stationary equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as people, furniture, and external influences. Both are important considerations in structural design to guarantee safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits link components end-to-end, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits link components between the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's total resistance, current allocation, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the rate at which electricity flows by an electric circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and sustainable sources, and crucial for modern life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of power in the International System of Units, showing the speed of energy movement or conversion. It is the same as one joule per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electronic pressure difference between two points, which drives the flow of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and indicates the power per individual charge ready to move electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A electromotive force is the standard unit of electric potential, voltage difference, and EMF in the metric system. It measures the electric energy per unit charge between points in an electrical network. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric current is the passage of electric charge through a conductor wire, commonly measured in A. It is crucial for energizing electronic equipment and allowing the functioning of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp is the standard of electric current in the SI units, represented by A. It measures the movement of electrical charge through a circuit over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load refers to the amount of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It affects the design and size of power systems to guarantee reliable and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a snap-in design with waterproof sealing, providing durability and optimal electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a convenient and consistent method of delivering electrical energy to devices through standard ports. It is often used for recharging and supplying a wide range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power converter is a instrument that converts direct current (DC) from sources like cells or photovoltaic arrays into alternating current (AC) suitable for household appliances. It permits the application of regular electrical equipment in environments where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack is an collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically regulate the position of solar modules to track the sun movement throughout the day, maximizing energy absorption. This innovation increases the effectiveness of solar power gathering by ensuring optimal solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a method used to enhance the energy production of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the working point to correspond to the optimal power point of the photovoltaic modules. This methodology guarantees the highest efficiency energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to maximize energy output by separately optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It improves overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A photovoltaic performance monitor is a device that tracks and examines the efficiency of photovoltaic panel systems in real-time, offering important data on power output and system health. It helps maximize solar energy output by identifying faults promptly and ensuring optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing fine layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Sunlight-to-electricity converters convert sun rays directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect, making them a sustainable energy source. They are commonly used in solar arrays to power homes, electronic gadgets, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of numerous small silicon crystal structures, typically used in solar modules and microchip production. Its creation involves melting and restructuring silicon to form a ultra-pure, polycrystalline structure appropriate for electronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a uniform lattice structure, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronic components. Its consistent framework allows for enhanced charge movement, resulting in superior functionality compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a category of film solar method that presents a affordable and effective option for extensive solar energy generation. They are known as their high absorption efficiency and moderately reduced manufacturing expenses in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are laminate solar cells that use a layered material of Cu, indium, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into power effectively. They are recognized for their great absorption performance, flexibility, and potential for portable, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a disordered molecular arrangement, making it more flexible and more straightforward to layer than structured silicon. It is frequently used in solar panels and electronic systems due to its cost-effectiveness and flexible features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Advanced-generation photovoltaic panels aim to outperform traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing state-of-the-art materials and pioneering techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, reducing costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar panels are cutting-edge photovoltaic modules that use various p-n connections stacked in unison to capture a more extensive range of the solar spectrum, significantly increasing their efficiency. These are mostly applied in space satellites and advanced solar power systems due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Solar panels on spacecraft serve as crucial elements that convert sunlight into electricity to supply onboard instrumentation. Generally lightweight, robust, and built for efficient operation in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are substances composed of several elements, typically involving a metal component and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as lasers, LEDs, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | GaAs is a compound semiconductor known for its high electron mobility and efficiency in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics employ optics or reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, greatly enhancing energy transformation efficiency. This approach is perfect for massive solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, delivering a affordable solution for high-demand energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Thin-film silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its compact and bendable form factor. It offers a cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS photovoltaic cell utilize a delicate coating of copper indium gallium selenide as the photovoltaic material, known for superior performance and flexibility. They offer a portable, cost-effective alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or μm, used in diverse technological uses. These films are crucial in electronic systems, optical systems, and coatings for their unique physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Rooftop solar PV systems harness the sun's rays to generate electricity directly on structure roofs, providing a eco-friendly and cost-effective energy solution. They help cut down dependence on fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to green initiatives. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A coating is a layer of compound spanning fractions of a nanometer to several micrometers in thickness, often applied to surfaces for purposeful functions. These films are used in diverse fields, including electronics industry, light manipulation, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are important in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Measuring tools are precision devices used to exactly measure small distances or widths, commonly in manufacturing and fabrication. They feature a calibrated screw system that allows for exact readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon substrate is a fine, circular slice of silicon crystal used as the foundation for constructing semiconductor devices. It serves as the basic material in the creation of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | CIGS photovoltaic cells are compact photovoltaic devices known for their excellent performance and bendability, making them suitable for various uses. They employ a multilayer semiconductor architecture that transforms sunlight immediately into electrical energy with outstanding efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar cells, characterized by its many crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being economical and having a comparatively high efficiency in transforming sunlight into power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert sunlight directly into energy using photovoltaic cells, providing a sustainable energy source for home, commercial, and large-scale applications. They provide a environmentally friendly, sustainable, and economical way to decrease reliance on non-renewable energy sources and lower CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology that uses perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a solar energy device that transforms sunlight into electrical energy using a light-reactive dye to capture light and generate electron flow. It offers a affordable and adaptable alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with possibility for transparent and thin applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanosized semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and conversion efficiency through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for lower-cost, adaptable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic solar cells are photoelectric devices that utilize carbon-based compounds, to turn sun's energy into electric power. They are compact, flexible, and provide more affordable, large-area solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a advantageous electronic substance used in thin-film solar cells due to its earth-abundant and safe elements. Its superior optical-electronic properties make it an desirable substitute for green photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics integrated solar building solutions seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of architectural elements, such as roof surfaces, outer walls, and glazing. This modern approach enhances power savings while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material with minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency permits light to diffuse through, making detailed visibility obscured but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a thin film to the interior or exterior of vehicle or building panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It boosts privacy, increases energy efficiency, and provides a modern aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of photovoltaic power stations information various massive solar energy facilities around the planet, showcasing their capacities and positions. These plants play a crucial role in renewable energy production and worldwide efforts to cut carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic energy plants are massive installations that turn sunlight directly into electricity using solar modules. They are essential in renewable energy generation, lessening dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and reducing carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental issues encompass a wide range of issues such as pollution, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote green approaches and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are renewably sourced, such as sunlight, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a sustainable option to traditional fuels, minimizing ecological footprint and supporting sustainable energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as coal, crude oil, and methane, are limited reserves formed over millions of years and are exhausted when used. They are the primary fuels for power production and vehicle operation but pose ecological and environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, atomic energy, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process typically occurs in power stations where rotating machinery and generators work together to produce electric current for grid delivery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, harmful elements such as lead, quicksilver, metallic cadmium, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance assesses how well a solar cell converts sunlight into usable electricity. Enhancing this efficiency is crucial for optimizing renewable energy generation and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when radiation shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided key evidence for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves placing products to elevated stresses to rapidly assess their durability and estimate their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps identify potential failures and enhance product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of photovoltaics has sped up rapidly over the past ten years, driven by technological advancements and reducing prices. This growth is transforming the world energy sector by increasing the percentage of clean solar power in electricity generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar refers to large solar power plants designed to generate electricity on a commercial scale, delivering power directly to the grid. These sites typically cover extensive areas and utilize solar panels or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a transparent device that bending light to converge or separate rays, producing images. It is frequently used in equipment like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to control light for enhanced vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the point of contact. It determines how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a delicate film applied to optical surfaces to cut down on glare and increase light flow. It enhances the sharpness and brightness of optical devices by minimizing unwanted reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Negative interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that that their amplitude levels cancel each other out, causing a reduction or complete elimination of the combined wave. This occurrence usually happens when these waves are phase-shifted by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current refers to an electric current that changes polarity, mainly utilized in electrical distribution networks. The electrical potential changes following a sine wave throughout its cycle, enabling effective conveyance over long distances. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a miniature component used to convert direct current (DC) from a individual solar panel into AC suitable for household use. It improves system efficiency by optimizing energy production at the module level and simplifies installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or AC power, is electrical power delivered through a network where the voltage and electric current cyclically reverse polarity, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is commonly used in homes and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical plug used to deliver DC energy from a energy source to an electronic equipment. It generally consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that provide a secure and dependable link for multiple electronic uses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international security approval body that assesses and endorses products to ensure they meet specific protection norms. It assists consumers and companies find dependable and safe products through strict assessment and testing methods. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electronic networks in which parts are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current flow. In this arrangement, the same electric current passes through all parts, and the entire voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected across the same voltage source, offering multiple channels for current flow. This configuration allows components to operate separately, with the total current split among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode serves as a semiconductor device that allows current to pass in a single sense exclusively, functioning as a one-way valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electrical networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, intended to deliver electrical power for multiple devices and accessories inside of a vehicle. It allows users to recharge electronic devices or use small devices while on the move. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a protocol for connecting peripheral hardware to computing systems, facilitating information exchange and power delivery. It accommodates a variety of hardware such as keyboards, mouses, external storage devices, and cell phones, with multiple revisions offering higher speeds and enhanced functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the ratio of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into electrical energy. Boosting this efficiency plays a key role in maximizing energy generation and making solar power more cost-effective and renewable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in green energy and energy conservation technologies. It focuses on breakthroughs in solar power, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to support a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of EM radiation, spanning from wireless signals to gamma rays, featuring varied lengths and energies. This spectrum is crucial to many technologies and natural events, enabling communication, diagnostic imaging, and comprehension of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | Ultraviolet light is a kind of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays, primarily produced by the sun. It has a key role in processes like vitamin D production but can also result in skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Uniform color refers to a color palette based on alterations of a individual hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create cohesion and unity. This layout approach emphasizes minimalism and sophistication by maintaining uniform color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Irradiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts/m². It is a key parameter in areas like solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the strength of sunlight hitting a given area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a standard unit used to quantify the magnitude of radiation or power received or emitted over a particular area, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with understanding the dispersion and movement of radiation across surfaces, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the range of different tones or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or alternatively. It is often used to describe the distribution of light or signal frequencies in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An airmass is a big body of atmosphere with relatively consistent temp and dampness features, deriving from from certain starting areas. These airmass impact weather patterns and air situations as they move across various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Sun's energy output is the assessment of the energy per square kilometer received from the solar source in the type of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar activity and atmospheric factors on Earth, affecting climate and weather patterns. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in photovoltaic systems refers to the accumulation of debris, and impurities on the surface of solar panels, which reduces their performance. Consistent upkeep and care are necessary to reduce energy loss and ensure maximum efficiency. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage available from a power source when current flow is absent, spanning its terminals. It shows the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the maximum electrical current that flows through a circuit when a short connection, or short circuit, occurs, skipping the normal load. It creates a considerable safety hazard and can cause damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the maximum power generation of a solar module under perfect sunlight conditions. It shows the array's peak capacity to produce electricity in typical testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electronic device used to measure the voltage between two points in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in different electrical and electronic fields to ensure proper voltage measurements | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a occurrence in photovoltaic modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power generation and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage current and ion migration within the solar cell components, leading to performance decline over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi-metal chemical element necessary for plant development and employed in various industrial uses, like glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits special chemical properties that cause it valuable in producing durable, heatproof materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and orientation for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand environmental conditions while providing a robust and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant collects sunlight using vast arrays of photovoltaic panels to generate renewable electricity. It supplies an environmentally friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the consolidated method of employing land for both solar power production and farming, optimizing space and resources. This approach enhances crop production while simultaneously producing renewable energy, fostering sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar panels capable of capturing sunlight from both their front and rear surfaces, enhancing overall energy output. They are typically mounted in a way that improves effectiveness by taking advantage of albedo reflection and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a framework that provides shade while producing electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a assembly of multiple solar panels designed to generate electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in sustainable power systems to generate environmentally friendly, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that offers shade and protection from the weather for exterior areas. It improves the usability and look of a terrace, making it a cozy space for rest and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the angle between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to indicate the position of objects in the sky relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The azimuth angle is a horizontal angle measured clockwise from a reference heading, usually true north, to the line between an surveyor to a destination. It is often used in wayfinding, surveying, and astrophysics to specify the orientation of an object relative to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Setting up solar panels exposes workers to risks such as fall hazards and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential musculoskeletal injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a electronic material extensively utilized in thin film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. It demonstrates outstanding optical properties, making it a popular choice for photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A directory of photovoltaics companies features the major manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies are essential in promoting solar energy implementation and advancement across various markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a unit of energy output equal to a billion watt, used to assess large-scale power generation generation and usage. It is generally associated with generating stations, power grids, and major energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar Inc is a global leader in solar PV power solutions, expert in producing thin film-based solar panels that deliver high efficiency and economical power output. The firm is dedicated to sustainable renewable energy advancement and cutting down the global dependence on fossil fuels through advanced solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly integrating various elements of manufacturing and automation systems to boost efficiency and reliability. It focuses on building advanced solutions that facilitate smooth communication and interoperability among diverse technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a leading Chinese-based corporation specializing in producing and developing photovoltaic photovoltaic items and systems. It is known for state-of-the-art tech and sustainable energy initiatives within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of power equal to one billion watts, often employed to indicate the capacity of massively scaled power generation or consumption. It highlights the immense power magnitude involved in current energy framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost decreases as total output grows, due to learning and efficiencies gained over time. This concept highlights the value of learned skills in cutting expenses and boosting output in production and other procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Photovoltaics turn sunlight straight into electricity through semiconductor substances, primarily silicon. This technology is a clean, sustainable energy source that aids reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of creating solar or wind energy becomes the same as or less than the price of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving grid parity signifies that sustainable energy technologies are economically comparable with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a system of power lines, providing a consistent source of energy for various appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, depending on the country, and is delivered through alternating current. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) includes all parts of a solar power system excluding the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and other electrical hardware. It is vital for guaranteeing the optimum and dependable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is harnessed from the sun's rays using solar cells to produce electricity or through thermal solar systems to produce heat. It is a renewable, eco-friendly, and planet-friendly energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are widely utilized in home, commercial, and industrial sites to generate green, sustainable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, delivering green energy solutions where traditional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of sun-powered goods features a selection of tools that utilize sunlight to produce energy, supporting eco-friendly and eco-conscious living. These items include covering solar power banks and lights to home equipment and outdoor gear, providing multi-purpose options for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a plant that transforms sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a green energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems integrate solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They optimize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics utilize optical lenses plus mirrors focusing sunlight onto high-performance solar cells, considerably enhancing power output using a compact footprint. This technology is particularly effective where direct, strong sunlight plus, it offers an innovative way to cut solar power costs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
